Chinese, Zhongwen, Hanyu

China, as a name of language in English, refers to the subgroup Sinitic languages Sino-Tibetan in Asia. But it can be translated to several Chinese names for the language that covers many different ideas depending on the context.

Firstly, China can be translated as zhongwen generally referring to the language. Zhongwen is also the correct term for the academic discipline in the study of Chinese language and literature, such as zhongwenxi for the Department of Chinese at a university environment.

Secondly, the hanyu word "Han language" used in the context contrasting languages spoken by the nationality of have that 92% of 1.300 million Chinese citizens of the people's Republic with all languages have not spoken in China and the rest of the world. Therefore, foreign students who are now learning Chinese say to go learn hanyu.

Thirdly, when hanyu is a general term for the languages, many of which are mutually unintelligible between speakers of different varieties of language have, by default refers to the standard dialect of the country known as putonghua literally means "common language" in the people's Republic. Putonghua is a constructed language-based standard, a variety of Chinese North, spoken in the capital city, Beijing. On the other hand, China corresponds to a number of Chinese equivalent on the basis of the given speech community.

Traditionally, the Chinese have are divided into seven main groups dialect, Mandarin (or beifanghua of northern China), Wu, Xiang, Gan, Kejia (Hakka), Yue (Cantonese), Min. Although sharing a large number of cognates or words of common origin, Chinese dialects vary considerably more in their sound systems. All Chinese dialects have tones with contours of different tone for each syllable.

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Chinese writing system

The first fully developed Chinese writing as we know it today the inscriptions on tortoise shells and ox shoulder blades, commonly known as script of Oracle bone that appeared in the mid-Millennium BC, during the late Shang dynasty.

Unlike a phonographic writing as that of English where each letter of the alphabet encoded a telephone, write China is a logographic with each grapheme (or character) system simultaneously encoding sounds and what it means that the level of the syllable. As a logographic system, Chinese script has the great advantage that is not necessary for a person who knows how to decode the writing system to learn how to pronounce the characters to be able to read messages written on them.

Writing Chinese, however, it is not only a system of Visual cues or ideograms, which represent various concepts or ideas that are completely divorced from the pronunciation. A literary speaker in any Chinese dialect may immediately pronounce a Chinese character in its own dialect. The character, as a logographic with a simple graphic structure, makes do not represent any phone determined within a Word, but a syllable associated with a Chinese morpheme written as a representation of the morpheme-syllable system is systematically phoneticized, i.e., the characters are readable.

In modern Chinese, characters, or graphemes are known as hanzi, literally "Have characters" is named after the dynasty have (206 BCE-220 CE). It was during the dynasty have said written Chinese was largely standardized at a time when writing brushes, ink, ink and paper, stone wenfang sibao "four treasures in a Studio", became standard tools of Chinese writing.

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Learn the language that is spoken by the largest number of people in the world

Those who have a range of Chinese (Mandarin) will have one cutting edge over others as China is one of the economies of the fastest growing in the world, and for the foreseeable future, Mandarin will exert an influence that nobody can ignore.

Language ESL specialist provides opportunities unprecedented for those who have a desire to learn (Mandarin) Chinese in China. The beautiful monumental city of Beijing has two partner of ESL language schools: Language School Mandarin House and school Sprachcaffe language.

Language School House of Mandarin in Beijing is located in the China Central place, where there is no shortage of ultramodern hostels, shops, banks international offices and all that. The school offers optimal conditions for learning (Mandarin) Chinese in China. The school has nice, professional and peaceful atmosphere. The building is equipped with all modern facilities equipped classrooms and cafe, where students can relax and chat with other students after their classes.

Housed in the Cultural Palace in the interior of the Tartar city of the Manchus, language Sprachcaffe school also offers courses Junior Chinese (Mandarin) in China. It has spacious and bright classrooms, a cafeteria, and almost all modern facilities that allow students to learn Mandarin intensively in a relaxed atmosphere.

International language school house in Qingdao offers courses in Mandarin high quality focused primarily on communication. This school is divided into two centres of course: East and West. Both centres have classrooms equipped with air conditioning, Internet access, coffee shops, spacious living room, where students can relax.

Mandarin language school house in Shanghai, which is located in the heart of the city centre, close to the pedestrian section of Nanjing, is one of the best schools to learn (Mandarin) Chinese in China. It is surrounded by restaurants, cafes and shops that meet diverse needs of students. The school has a qualified, trained and dedicated teachers who is always willing to help students. The school has 22 equipped classrooms, a multimedia room which offers free Internet and WiFi access.

School of languages to International House in Xi'an also offers courses Junior Chinese (Mandarin) in China. This school is located in the Centre of Xi'an - the Capital of China Shaanxi Province. International House in Xi'an is located in a modern, two-story building and features well equipped 16 classrooms, a library, a room for students, a kitchen, a computer room with free Internet access.

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Chinese morphology

Chinese morphology is the study of words and make the word. Its objective is to understand the meaning of the relationships between words and forms that are expressed, including how grammatical relations are marked in different languages. For example, plurality is explicitly marked by an s - Spanish, for example, books as a plural noun, and the book as a singular noun. In addition, relations between words may require some morphological in different parts of the sentence changes. For example, the form of the verb varies depending on the person and number of the subject phrase in an English sentence as this book is very interesting from these books are very interesting in that the subjects and verbs have a relationship agreement, i.e., a third-person singular, subjective substantive corresponds to the copular verb is and a third-person plural subjective different noun to a copular verb.

Cross-linguistically, the minimal unit of meaning is commonly called a morpheme, and is divided into two major types, free and dependent. Dependent morphemes mainly relate to affixes like the English plural marker - s that only makes sense when it is attributed to a nominal stem. Alternatively, a noun as a book is called a free morpheme because it makes sense on its own and refers to something in the real world or is called a stem of an affix which shall be attached to the.

Affixes are prefixes such as the English UN - unhappy and suffixes such as the ingleses-capaz of laughable. Suffixes can be derivational or inflected. In general, affixes inflectional refer to elements as the - s in plural marker in English and fewer in derivational suffixes number as the old function to create forms of words with additional grammatical meaning as a plurality. Include other inflectional morphemes in English - ed indicating tense, - ing progressive, possessive, s-er comparative, superlative etc.,-est. Morphemes derivational as - English tend to be more numerous than inflectional affixes in a language they operate in a stem or a root, like laughing resulting in a new Word ridiculous. Other English derivational affixes include re - reproduction-, lie in the establishment- and luck, etc.. Finally, not all linked morphemes are affixes, also there are linked roots as - sist in English that constitute the root or stem, to derivational processes to generate words like resist, they consist in, remain while is does not occur by themselves makes sense in a language, as in the forced morphologically affixes. Although there are free morphemes that make up the majority of the stems, they still provide a form base to new words in a way other affixes derivational in a language.

Compared to English, the limit of a Chinese word is far from being transparent, as many bookmarks morphological affixes are often non-existent, because the Chinese language does not mark tense, or parts of the sentence, morphologically. The fluidity of the concept "word" in Chinese has even led some to claim (Hoosain 1992, Zhang 1992) morphemes are more versatile in Chinese than other languages and more indeterminate with respect to their status as bound-free. The notion of "word", known as c? in Chinese, is a concept particularly intuitive or easily defined. In addition, Chinese orthography does not require any space between characters, regardless of its morphological State, i.e. not distinguishes written between free and dependent morphemes which conceals its existence in the mind of the speaker. On the other hand, wenz? "characters" that are used to represent each syllable of a morpheme with a character regardless of morphological status appear to be a more natural concept. Perhaps for this reason, almost all Chinese dictionaries list vocabularies through characters instead of words. Dictionaries are most commonly referred to as z?dian, literally "norms of nature."

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About spoken Chinese

Chinese is the language of more than one billion speakers. There are several families of dialect of Chinese, each in turn composed of many dialects. Although different dialect families are often mutually unintelligible, systematic correspondences (e.g. in the lexicon and syntax) exist between them, making it easy to ensure that the speakers of a dialect collect another relatively quickly. The largest dialect family is the family of the North, which consists of more than 70% of Chinese speakers. Standard or Chinese Mandarin is a member of the family of the North and is based on the pronunciation of the Beijing dialect. Interestingly, most standard Chinese speakers have another dialect as their first language and only less than one percent of them speak without some degree of accent.

There are 22 consonants in Chinese Mandarin. Compared to English, the distribution of the consonants in Chinese Mandarin is closely dependent on the position of the syllable and the syllable structure is much simpler. There are two kinds of syllables - complete and weak ones - in Chinese Mandarin. The first is inherent, underlying tone and is long, while the latter does not have any intrinsic tone and is short. A complete syllable can change to a weak, losing his tone intrinsic and subjected to syllable rime reduction and shortening (similar to the reduction of the syllable in English).

In contrast to English, which has more than 10,000 syllables (mono), Chinese Mandarin has only about 400 syllables excluding tones (and 1300) including tones. Relatively simple phonological constraints can be sufficiently described the way in which many available syllables are excluded as being valid in Chinese Mandarin.

The special characteristics in spoken Chinese signal properties consist of tonality and fundamental frequency variations indicating identity in language paralinguistic information lexical. Analysis of the discourse of fundamental frequency or tone extraction techniques, therefore, are most important for the Chinese than for non-tonal languages, like English. Recent research has provided production and accounts perceptual tonal variations in Chinese, where the articulatory restriction in the processing of perception has been quantified.

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Chinese language and culture

The Chinese language, which is a communication system used by the Chinese people on a daily basis to meet several goals in life, inevitably leads many features that reflect some of the social beliefs widespread in their culture. Culture can be defined more or less as socially learned patterns of behavior and interpretative practices, what language plays an important role. In fact, the ways in which many words in Chinese idioms, popular proverbs, metaphors and neologisms are widely used among Chinese correspond to cultural beliefs and experiences that have shaped China as a country in the last three millennia.

In addition, the Chinese people, which has been in contact with many foreign cultures and languages throughout history, has also embraced and integrated into their own culture, many ideas and foreign concepts. The structures of neologisms, including many Chinese words of European origin and the system of writing Chinese morpheme-syllable are examined together to show the importance of the meaning of coining neologisms in Chinese. For example, the use of modern Chinese culture representing the culture was adopted from Japanese as it was first widely used in Japan as a lexicon neologized that represents the culture of the European word in the 19th century. In the 19th century the Japanese taken these two Chinese graphemes to create a new Word to translate the European culture word in Japanese. Later, this Japanese word neologized was reintroduced in Chinese or returned to China, to translate the word Europe itself.

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